Taking a Look at Asian Women Stereotypes - 1403 Words

1. Explicit yellowface is that it creates power imbalance between white and Asian/Americans. That it is okay for racial masquerading and playing yellowface, as well as adopting characteristics and behaviors. 2. Implicit yellowface is that only Asians are type cast for these roles and unfortunately, someone has to play the role and most the time it is the Asian actor. This assumption states that Asians/Americans are interchangeable all Asians are the same. 1. By regulating Camptowns by the US military and by Korea (Yuh 18), women were tested for STI’s twice a week (Yuh 24). The US military police created this system where if women tested positive they were not informed nor were they informed on who gave them the infection (Yuh 29). These women were harassed by both sides American and Korea for proof that they were tested (Yuh 29). 2. Another example is the US soldiers viewed these women as entertainers. â€Å"In Vietnam, an installation of prostitution servicing four thousand US soldiers was specially created by and for the benefits of the US soldiers (Yuh 16). The bases will make/have Camptowns, bars, and parlors near so it is easier for GIs to go there. Therefore, it creates and feeds the culture of the sex industry and slavery. GI’s have this pre-misconception of Korean women and Asian women. They believed these women enjoyed their job as much as the money they earned because East Asian women are these hypersexual addicts. In fact, they were seen as exotic however,Show MoreRelatedRape and Sexual Harassment: The Intersectional Experiences of Racism and Sexism for Minorities1488 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough both events can happen to men, women are more prone to face these occurrences. According to the National Violence Against Women Survey, â€Å"78% of the victims of rape and sexual assault are women and 22% are men† (â€Å"Domestic Violence Statistics†). In 2011, companies experienced sexual harassment charges at 11% in relation to all charges brought forth to businesses, and 16% of these charges were filed by men (Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment). These women are eternally tainted by these occurrencesRead MoreAsian American Culture And History1707 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most prevalent issue in today’s world is racism. The prejudice and racism against Asian Americans seems to never end. Either it’s a nasty side remark about one’s looks or a judgment about one’s personality and abilities. In high school, one of my best friends was Vietnamese and I remember her going through quite a bit of problems. She was most definitely stereotyped and was supposed to be good at math and science, when in truth, she was horrible at both subjects. Instead, she loved historyRead MoreFactors That Affect The Social Location Of A Person With Race, Class, Age, Sexuality, And890 Words   |  4 PagesIn terms of my social location in race, I am apparently Asian girl. Western people can recognize me as an Asian girl visually when they see me without any self-introductions because I have black hair, black eyes, and flat nose. People can categorize me only by physical appearances. Some people might imagine that I am intelligent, kind and cal m girl which are typical stereotypes for Asian people even though they do not know which part in Asian countries I am from such as Korea, China, Thailand, JapanRead MoreRace, Racial, And Racial Discrimination863 Words   |  4 PagesIn this day in age Racial stereotypes appear to be as rampant as they were in the early 200s. The discussion and debate about race can be a sensitive and difficult subject for most individuals. Living in America is tough as it is with all of the crisis’s and chaos taking place left and right. That matter of race is a crisis of its own so to speak. One cannot express themselves completely to the extent of his or her liking without being judged, labeled or categorized. America has a very diverse andRead MoreAnalysis Of Orientalism In Rice Or Song Of Orientalism1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthe inferior, and the human from the other human. Orientalism is â€Å"a Western style for dominating, reconstructing, and having authority over the Orient† (Said, 3). An Orient does not choose to be oriental, someone else defines and reinforces the stereotypes that come with being oriental. Notes from a Divided Country, M. Butterfly, and The Vagrants all have traces of orientalism and through these three pieces of literature, they expand on the idea of how the label of â€Å"oriental† can be fought or conformedRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Its Effects On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagescalled ‘Dove’ released an advertisement presenting a product called ‘Dove VisibleCare’ and the product was meant to be â€Å"new revolutionary†¦body washes that improve the look of your skin.† From hearing this description of the product we can safely assume that ‘Dove’s purpose is to enhance our skin, so that consumers who buy them can have look beautiful. Although, just reading the text can be misleading from what the advertisement picture shows us. The picture is shown with three females standing, in theRead MoreEssay on Do Not Judge Me: Stereotypes are Ruining Our Society1513 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes â€Å"Dumbjocks†, â€Å"Women don’t belong in a professional setting, they belong in the kitchen†, â€Å"He must be a Jew, just look at his nose.(stereotypes and prejudices, para. 1) Today’s society is based solely on face values where people tend to place someone in a category because of those individuals actions. (Mcrae Stangore, 1996, p. 13) Prejudicial notations used to define members of a social or ethnic group are called stereotypes. People stereotype various groups of people, but none likeRead MoreThe Cause and Effects of Sterotyping Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesStereotyping, which can be used positively and negatively, is something everyone uses every day; it is found in our humor, how people describe one another, and beliefs. People stereotype without knowing it; it is a way we use to help us understand a group. The problem with stereotyping is that it’s a self –opinion about a group, not an individual. Everyone has their own unique and distinct personalities, just as everyone has their own fingerprints so it is unfair to be judged quickly by people whoRead MoreMiss Saigon Musical1214 Words   |  5 PagesVietnamese girl, the story quickly unravels and begins to test the true idea of love at first sight. As one of the most successful musicals in the world, Miss Saigon addresses the ideas surrounding war and imperialism while exposing the egregious stereotypes between America and the Vietnamese. During the 1970s while America was at war with Vietnam, there were large amounts of weakened faith in the government. And as one scholar mentions, â€Å"The United States also paid a high political cost for the VietnamRead MoreThe Current Generation Of The United States1226 Words   |  5 Pagespredicted that the current generation will have to obtain their PhD in order to get their dream job. We can infer that since the length requirement is constantly changing, officials will also make the curriculum a little bit more challenging. If we take a look into the history of the education curriculum, one might say that it is time that officials changed it up. Throughout the years, students have only been taught topics within highbrow culture. â€Å"The terms â€Å"highbrow and â€Å"lowbrow† come from phrenology,

Financial analysis Free Essays

This endeavor would not have been successful without the help and encouragement from a lot of people with whom I had good fortunate of interacting during course of Journey. I am indebted to MR.. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now SOD for the knowledge and experience that I gained from him during course of training which I can easily look at as my most rewarding phase the course of my study. Without his immaculate and intellectual guidance, sustained efforts and friendly approach, it would have been difficult to achieve the result in a short span of period. Not leaving behind the contribution of all other staff members at Finance Department for sharing with us the wealth of their experience and knowledge. PREFACE MBA is stepping stone to management career. In order to achieve practical, positive and concrete results, the classroom learning need to be effectively fed to the realities of the situation existing outside the classroom. This is practical true for management. To develop healthy managerial and administrative skills in the potential managers it is necessary that theoretical knowledge must be supplemented with exposure of real environment. Actually it is very vital for the management and it is in the practical training that the measuring of management is itself realized. I took summer raining in well-managed organization and was fortunate to get good exposure. In this project report an attempt has been made to cover different aspects of my training. How to cite Financial analysis, Papers Financial Analysis Free Essays Budget a detailed plan, expressed in quantitative terms, that specifies how resources will be acquired and used during a specified period of time. A budget is a description of a financial plan. It Is a list of estimates of revenues to and expenditures by an agent for a stated period of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Normally a budget describes a period In the future not the past Purposes of budgeting systems: Planning Facilitating Communication and Coordination Allocating Resources Controlling Profit and Operations Evaluating Performance and Providing Incentives Using a budgeting system companies can: Improve cash flow Optimize product portfolio Minimize salary adjournment Increase the operational level Eliminate breaks In Production process Stabilize debts level Precisely determine the real financing needs In Bangladesh our fiscal year is started from 1st of July and ended 30th June of the next year. Here we wants make a comprehensive analysis of the proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year 2014-2015. The honorable finance Minister AMA Mitch proposed this budget dated on 05. 04. 2014 in Bangladesh national assembly members for the consideration and approval of the said budget. The annual budget t a glance Total size of the budget TX 250,506 core for 2014-15 fiscal year growth target of 7. 3% of GAP The proposed national budget and the economy (FYI), 2014-2015, provides an account of the government’s overall fiscal operations in pursuit of its declared goals and objectives to help promote â€Å"accelerated† and â€Å"inclusive† economic growth. It makes a lot of promises about improving government’s performance-related scorecard. But it does not shed enough light on why the promises of the outgoing fiscal could not be redeemed and what wrongs there were about meeting its projected broad targets. The political turbulence or violence that was witnessed in the first half of the outgoing fiscal can not be held solely responsible for it. This is more so when the official economic growth figure for the outgoing fiscal that Finance Minister AMA Mitch has, in his budget speech, mentioned tends to defy the predictions and projections that were made by different quarters during the period of political volatility and also subsequent to it, taking in view the possible adverse knock-on effects of the turbulence on the performance of the national economy in all its major sectors. If the official growth figure about the entry’s gross domestic product (GAP) in the outgoing fiscal portrays the real state of the economy, then there are obvious reasons to discard largely the links between the polity and the economy in the Bangladesh context. How far this is realistic to assume so, despite some clearly demonstrated inherent shock-absorbing capacity of the Bangladesh economy and also the proven resilience of its main economic actors, remains otherwise questionable. Yet then, the figures and data that the Finance Minister has mentioned about the performance of the economy in fiscal 2013-14 do unmistakably bear out shortfalls in any areas of consequence. This is so, in terms of the targets that were set in the Sixth Five Year Plan (SPY) document. The forthcoming fiscal being the terminal year of this medium-term plan that was approved by the government during its immediate-past tenure, it does not require a pundit to state that its goals and objectives would remain largely unmet. This will certainly further compound Bangladesh problems to fulfill its cherished national hope about reaching the status of a middle income country by 2021. If its existing situation does not change for the utter by a quantum leap, it will be well-nigh impossible to meet the whole set of Millennium Development Goals (Meds), particularly in areas like nutrition, effective health coverage etc. , that are much needed for poverty alleviation. In his budgetary proposals for the forthcoming fiscal, the Finance Minister has projected an aggregate expenditure outlay of about Take 2. 0 trillion, reflecting a rise by 15. 7 per cent over the revised budget of Take 2. 16 trillion for the outgoing one. There is no strong reason to consider the proposed size of the next fiscals national edged over-bloated, in view of the fact that overall public (government) expenditures, covering both current and development ones, will still be around 18. 7 per cent of GAP. The share of the proposed current (rev enue and non-development capital) expenditures at Take 1. 7 trillion will be 12. Per cent of GAP while that of public investment (ADAPT) at Take 803. 15 billion will be 6. 0 per cent of GAP in the forthcoming fiscal. Such budgetary expenditures in comparator countries. But two critical questions still arise here: Has the government the capacity to implement the proposed national edged, particularly that part of it which concerns the Annual Development Programmer (ADAPT)? What is about the quality of overall public expenditures, to assess their impact in terms of value-for-money, to link inputs with outputs and to count costs against benefits? These questions are of consequence because it has rather become a routine practice in Bangladesh to downsize the ADAPT in the third or last quarter of every fiscal because of implementation shortfall, on one hand, and the poor quality of overall public expenditures in terms of targeting, coverage, leakage, existing conditions of public service delivery, the nagging problem of cost over-runs of development projects due to procrastination of their execution, on the other. This is the sixth national budget that Finance Minister M. A. Mitch has presented during two successive periods of the Miami League (AL)-led government. The main challenge for implementation of the proposed national budget for FYI 2014-15 will lie in areas of arranging financial resources for its funding, without crossing the limit of the fiscal deficit that has been projected at 5. 0 per cent of GAP. If the limit is crossed, it may destabilize the macro-economic situation and also have some crowding-out effects on the economic activities in the private sector. The National Board of Revenue (N.B.) that collects the lion’s part of government revenues, in the form of duties and taxes, has not been able to fulfill its target in the outgoing fiscal, notwithstanding the fact that it had earlier demonstrated its commendable successes in raising the level of such revenue receipts of the government. The new fiscal measures that the Finance Minister has proposed for the forthcoming fiscal ay provide some cushions to the N.B. for augmenting its revenue collections. But the possible impact of such measures on overall economic activities merits a detailed scrutiny. Meanwhile, the N.B. will need to put extra-ordinary emphasis on widening the tax net, winning the trust and confidence of both the existing and potential taxpayers. It needs a shot in its arm to help strengthen its capacity to do this and that, too, by ensuring transparency of actions by its field-level officials. Overburdening the existing tax-payers with additional doses of direct taxes and creating additional robbers for economic actors in different sectors by way of any irrational tax structure, are certainly no rational policy choice for the government. Higher tax burden may otherwise lead to a greater degree of tax evasion or avoidance. Tax compliance depends, to a large extent, on the rate of tax and duty structure. So far the efforts for collection of domestic resources are concerned, there are strong reasons for the government to raise the levels of its revenue receipts from non-N.B. agencies or departments and enhance the volume of such earnings other than taxes, duties etc. , from different government agencies, autonomous and semi-autonomous bodies and all other relevant sources. The proposed budget for the forthcoming fiscal so. Meanwhile, the availability of the projected external assistance that will be required for footing the estimated budgetary expenditure, particularly on the development (public investment) side, will be predicated upon efforts to help accelerate the pace of implementation of the aided projects. Here, the developments in the recent years do need to be further consolidated and strengthened to a large extent, if the current situation about a bulging aid pipeline is to be improved. This is another daunting challenge. If the government fails to collect or mobiles the financial resources, both domestic and external, at the level projected in the proposed budget, it will be forced to either cut back its development spending in the second half of fiscal 2014-2015 or to borrow more from both banking and non-banking sources than what has been projected. Neither of these two is welcome. If public investments in priority areas fall short of the target, the potential of the economy to move onto a higher growth trajectory will intention to remain unrealized. If the government’s borrowings overshoot the projected level, it will entail most unwelcome consequences. The fiscal deficit will then exceed the projected level, causing macro-economic pressures: the private sector may face resource constraints; interest payments on account of domestic public debt may swell further without enhancing the capacity of the economy to foot the related bill etc. At this stage, it would be worthwhile to draw the attention of all concerned to the imperatives for facilitating the expansion of investment activities in the private sector. The real test of the proposed budget for fiscal 2014-15 lies in this particular area. A synergy of actions will be needed to make this happen. The national budget cannot certainly address all the issues that are badly impacting new private investments. But it has to facilitate the forging of such a synergy. If private investments do not rise, the prospects of the economy to generate new Jobs, create more income-earning opportunities and pave the way for its accelerated growth rate, along the desired lines, will continue to delude all concerned. How to cite Financial Analysis, Papers

AIDS (3244 words) Essay Example For Students

AIDS (3244 words) Essay AIDSAdults (over the age of 18) from the company and other people who I know wererandomly assigned to receive the survey. The group includes married males andfemales as well as single male and females. There are 19 female and 31 malesubjects. A survey consisting of twenty statements concerning sexuallytransmitted disease and HIV infection. The survey was designed by myself . Thepurpose of the survey is to measure participants awareness of AIDS and sexuallytransmitted diseases. I am trying to show that people are not well informedabout subjects such as condom use, condom use and alcohol, transmission ofsexual diseases, and the magnitude of the AIDS problem. Subjects are asked tochoose the level with which they agree or disagree with each statement. Thereare two levels of agreement and two levels of disagreement. See appendix A. Aconsent form was signed by all participants. See appendix B. Results t-test*: t(48) = -2.2185, p * .0313 | | | df cv pv Variable N Mean Std Dev. MinimumMaximu m Q1 50 1.420 0 .810 1.00 4.00 Q10 49 1.408 0.810 1.00 4.00 Q15 50 1.320 0.621 1.00 4.00 Q3 48 3.396 0.869 1.00 4.00 Q9 50 3.240 0.822 1.00 4.00 Q6 503.220 0.834 1.00 4.00 Q16 50 3.100 0.621 1.00 4.00 Methods Subjects Adults (overthe age of 18) from the company and other people who I know were randomlyassigned to receive the survey. The group includes married males and females aswell as single male and females. There are 19 female and 21 male subjects. Agesranged from late teens to early fifties, with the majority being in theirtwenties. Independent variable Questions 6, 9, 13, and 16 on the survey. I wouldbe comfortable eating lunch with someone with HIV or AIDS. I would becomfortable shaking hands with someone who has AIDS. I am very well informedabout HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. I would not haveunprotected sex with someone unless they got tested first. Dependent Variable. Awareness and education of AIDS and sexually transmitted disease. OperationalDefinition Awareness and education of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseaseequals a total score of 12 or higher on questions 6, 9, 13, and 16 of thesurvey. Procedures A survey consisting of twenty statements concerning sexuallytransmitted disease and AIDS was given to fifty subjects. A t test was performedon the results as well as a comparison of male vs. Female scores on theAwareness and Education variable. Discussion Results of the survey have shown aneed for additional education of males concerning AIDS awareness and education. Females, (89%) did very well on the variable which was measured for satisfactoryknowledge and awareness of AIDS and sexually transmitted disease. Males, (65%)did also score well on this variable. This leaves us with 35% of the malesneeding more education and 11% of the females needing to increase thereawareness and education. The rather large number of males needing furthereducation tend to support my hypotheses that yes more education is necessary. Iwas pleased to see that on the whole, people are better informed than I hadoriginally hypothesized as demonstrated by the scores reported for specificquestion. The lowest score or strongest disagreement was on the statement thatAIDS was no longer a big issue. People also realize that just having one sexpartner at a time is not enough to protect you from AIDS as demonstrated bytheir response to number 10. The strongest agreement with statements on thesurvey concerned worrying about childrens future. This being the case, why isit that beha vior as is described in my research does not reflect this knowledge?People know what they need to do to reduce their chances of exposure to AIDS andsexually transmitted disease but they fail to do it. The research concentratedon students who are exposed to much more information about AIDS than adults whoare out of the educational system. Further education about the dangers ofunprotected sex is needed as the study suggest, but we also need to understandwhy education is not enough. We desperately need to develop behaviors which willprotect us from sexually transmitted disease and AIDS. Education Needed forAIDS, HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually transmitted diseases are amajor health concern for our country. With the spread of AIDS among so manypeople, both gay and heterosexual, it is important that we understand how thesediseases spread and what we can do to prevent them. Continuing efforts toeducate college students about the dangers of unprotected sex have resulted inli ttle evidence of positive change in sexual behavior (Saywer ; Moss, 93). During the 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the cause ofAIDS, emerged as a leading cause of death in the United.States). In 1993, HIVinfection became the most common cause of death among persons aged 25-44years.(Center for Disease Control) Because of the long latency period for HIV alarge number of these people may have become infected during the ages of 18 to24 the ages of most college students. One of the national health objectives forthe year 2000 for the college age population is a reduction in unintendedpregnancy and transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, including and HIV/AIDS.. Studies have shown a need for educational interventions and futurein-depth studies of college students. An example is a study which showed that agroup of college males who had a history of sexually transmitted diseases, highnumbers of sexual partners and inconsistent condom use still perceived theirrisk of HIV/AIDS infection as very low.(Sawyer and Moss, 93). College students are thought to be at high risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases because oftheir high level of sexual activity and their potential for multiple sexpartners Studies have shown that even students who consider themselves in longterm relationships often experience casual sex with another partner ( Sawyer andMoss,93 ). Multiple partners seem to be the norm rather than the exception. Sawyer and Moss (1993), reported that 21% of the men sampled have had 2 to 3sexual partners,33% 4 to 6 partners and 39% 7 or more sexual partners. Anotherstudy reported an average of 6 different lifetime partners among female collegestudents. ( Kusseling, Wenger and Shapiro 95 ) It becomes very obvious that withthis type of activity occurring, the need for protection from STD is veryimportant. The most obvious and easiest course of action would be for collegestudents to abstain from sex, have a monogamous relationship with someone who isnot infected, or reduce the risk of infection by using condoms, but this is nothappening as the following studies have shown. Nicholas D. Ritchie, PhD, andAdelaide Getty, RN, BHS, CHES (1994). Francoise S. Kusseling, MOB; Neil S. Ten Year War Cuba EssayThe survey is completely confidential as I will not ask for your name or studentID. Number. The purpose of this survey is to better understand the need for HIVand Sexually Transmitted Diseases education. If at any time you do not feelcomfortable responding to a statement you may skip it or decide to stop takingthe survey. If you decide to stop taking the survey and leave please take theunfinished survey with you to discard to assure your privacy. Each statement isresponded to by circling the most correct number under each statement. Youranswers are numbered from 1 through 4. Below is a chart explaining the ratingfor each answer. 1. Totally disagree or None of the time 2. Disagree somewhat orSometimes 3. Agree somewhat or Usually 4. Totally agree or All the time ConsentForm Date____________ I, _________________________, state that I am over 18years of age and that I voluntarily agree to participate in a research projectconducted by ______________ psychology st udent at ______. The research is beingconducted in order to better understand the need for HIV and SexuallyTransmitted Disease education. The specific task I will perform requires me tofill out a survey about my beliefs about HIV and sexually transmitted diseases,my chances of getting the HIV virus and my beliefs concerning condom use andsafe sex practices.. I will not be asked to identify myself in relation to thesurvey which I fill out. I acknowledge that ______________ has explained thetask to me fully; has informed me that I may withdraw from participation at anytime without prejudice or penalty; has offered to answer any questions I mighthave concerning the research procedure; has assured me that any information thatI give will be used for research purposes only and will be kept confidential. Ialso acknowledge that the benefits derived from, or rewards given for, myparticipation have been fully explained to me-as well as alternative methods ifavailable, for earning these reward s-and that I have been promised, uponcompletion of the research task, a brief description of the role my specificperformance plays in this project. There will be no reimbursement for yourparticipation from me (_____________) or the school. _____________________________________________________ SIGNATURE OF RESEARCHER SIGNATURE OF PARTICIPANT__________________ Education Needed for AIDS, HIV and Sexually TransmittedDiseases Abstract Results of the survey have shown a need for additionaleducation of males concerning AIDS awareness and education. Females, (89%) didvery well on the variable which was measured for satisfactory knowledge andawareness of AIDS and sexually transmitted disease. Males, (65%) did also scorewell on this variable. This leaves us with 35% of the males needing moreeducation and 11% of the females needing to increase there awareness andeducation. The rather large number of males needing further education tend tosupport my hypotheses that yes more education is necessa ry. On the whole, peopleare better informed than had originally been hypothesized. Measures Survey Myage is___________ My sex is___________ My education level is______________ Checkone, I am single _________, married __________, divorced __________ I havechildren and their ages are 1-10 _____, 11-15______, 16-20_____, 21+ _____ 1. Aids is a lower income and gay problem, I dont need to worry. 2. I would nevergo out with someone who was HIV positive, or who had AIDS. 3. I worry about mychildrens future and them getting AIDS or other sexually transmitted diseases. 4. People now have fewer sex partners due to AIDS. 5. People use condoms morefrequently because of AIDS. 6. I would be comfortable eating lunch with someonewith HIV or AIDS. 7. People do not use condoms as much after they have beendrinking. 8. People know enough about AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. 9. I would be comfortable shaking hands with someone who has AIDS. 10. As long asyou only have one sex partner you are safe. 11. I dont worry about sexuallytransmitted diseases. 12. I believe that our educational system has beeneffective in presenting AIDS related information to students. 13. I am very wellinformed about HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. 14. We spendtoo much money on AIDS related research. It would be better spent on cancerresearch which is more important. 15. I do not think HIV and AIDS is such a bigproblem anymore. 16. I would not have unprotected sex with someone unless theygot tested first. 17. People are more likely to become sexually involved if theyhave been drinking. 18. I would feel comfortable discussing condom use with apotential sexual partner before ever having any sexual contact. 19. Most singlepeople usually have had a few drinks before they have sex. 20. People who getHIV and AIDS kind of deserve it for being stupid1-2-34 Circle 1 for to tally disagree 2for somewhat disagree 3 for somewhat agree 4 totally agreeBibliographyNicholas D. Ritchie, PhD, and Adelaide Getty, RN, BHS, CHES (1994). Did anAIDS peer education program change first-year college students behaviors? Thejournal of American college Health , January vol 42, 163-166 Dona Schneider,PhD, MPH; Micheal R. Greenberg, PhD; Monica Devanas, PhD; Anu Sajja, MPH; FernGoodhart, CHES; and David Burns, AM (1994). Evaluating HIV/AIDS Education in theUniversity Setting. Journal of American College Health, vol 43, 11-15. JamesJaccard, PhD; Ruth Andrea Levinson, PhD; and Luann Beamer, MA. (1994). StudentOpinion Leaders and HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Risk Behavior. Journal of AmericanCollege Health, 1995, vol 43, (5) March, p 216- 223 Barbara A De Buono,M.D.,M.P.H., Stephen H Zinner, M.D., Maxim Daamen, M.D., and William M. McCormack,M.D. (1989). Sexual behavior of college women in 1975, 1986, and 1989. NewEngland Journal of Medicine, 1990 vol 322 (12), March. P 821-825 Rob in GSawyer,Phd, and Donald J. Moss, MD. (1993). Sexually transmitted diseases incollege men: A preliminary clinical investigation. Journal of American CollegeHealth 1993, vol 42 (3) November, p111-115 Anita Raj, M.S., and Robert HPollack, PhD., (1995). Factors predicting High-Risk sexual behavior inhetrosexual college females. Journal of sex and marital Therapy, Vol. 21, No.3,Fall, 213-223 Francoise S. Kusseling, MOB; Neil S. Wenger, MD, MPH; and MartinF. Shapiro, MD, PhD. (1995). Inconsistent Contraceptive Use Among Female CollegeStudents: Implications for Intervention. Vol 43,march191-194 Tina M. Brien,MSEd;Dennis L. Thombs, PhD; Colleen A. Mahoney,PhD; and Larry Wallnau, PhD. Dimensions of Self-Efficacy Among Three Distinct Groups of Condom Users. Journalof American College Health Vol 42 January Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1996 Vol. 45, No. 6 February 16Philip W Meilman PhD. Alcohol Induced Sexual Behavior on Campus. Journal ofAmerican College Health. Vol 42, (1) July 1993 p 27-31

Why an existentialist might prefer to speak of finitude rather than death Essay Example

Why an existentialist might prefer to speak of finitude rather than death Paper We often recognise human beings as being distinct from other species for the ability to anticipate death. But death can simply mean ones biological termination and therefore not capture fully the philosophical questions which we associate with human existence. Critically discuss why an existentialist might prefer to speak of finitude rather than death. Mans ability to recognise death is a fundamental part of his existence; it can be said that this is what separates us from animals or mere things. The subject of death can be viewed and understood in different ways. Some may see death as the end of a story, and chose to ignore or fight against it. An Existentialist however, would prefer to incorporate death as part of their whole existence. In this essay I will discuss how an Existentialist would prefer to speak of finitude rather than death. I will look at how his understanding of existence differentiates from that of somebody who thinks of death as something to be shunned. I will attempt to analyse how this Existential outlook on human existence helps them to deal with philosophical questions of morality, guilt, and ultimately authentic existence. I will endeavour to evaluate the problems that may arise from such a view on existence, and ascertain how death factors in to the Existentialist view. Humans are finite beings. Finitude in itself enables us to account for what is creative in the capacities of the finite human creature. Heidegger calls fate the association of the two senses of finitude: as project of being and as dependence upon pregiven being. (Kerszberg 1997, p238) It can be said that there is no absolute freedom for humans, and this encompasses the tragedy of existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Why an existentialist might prefer to speak of finitude rather than death specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why an existentialist might prefer to speak of finitude rather than death specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why an existentialist might prefer to speak of finitude rather than death specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One way of defining this tragedy may be seen as a clash between the aspirations of human freedom and creativity with a cosmic order that is stronger and defeats man (Macquarrie 1972, p189). Its this limitation of man combined with the tragedy that makes us human. When an Existentialist is speaking of finitude, he means that we have simply been thrown into existence and we must accept our inward awareness of our very own being. Each individual persons existence is characterised by facticity in that we have not chosen to be, but rather, we are just here. We are stuck with our particular being; our genetic and hereditary selves, our place and moment in history and society etc. We do have possibilities in life, but they are confined by the external forces acting upon us. In this sense facticity can be seen as an opposite to possibility, or rather Existence never escapes from the tension between possibility and facticity. On the one side man is open and projects his possibilities; on the other side he is closed by the factual situation in which he already finds himself. (Macquarrie 1972, p192). It may be difficult for us to view death as anything other than a simple end to ones life. This biological death may be seen as an interruption of life, but if we accept this we cannot experience existence as a whole. Martin Heidegger believed that one way of overcoming this difficulty was to shift attention from death as the once-for-all observable fact at the end of life to the existents inward awareness that his being is a being-towards-death. (Macquarrie 1973, p195). So death is something that is already possible, in fact, the most possible thing in ones existence. Heidegger relates death to care, and this incorporates the everyday being of the Dasein (my beingness). It arises from the tension between the forward thrust of possibility into the future and the facticity of the situation into which the existent is already thrown, together with falling into the world and the they. (Macquarrie 1972, p196). One aspect of this is that death can be viewed upon as a supreme possibility of human existence. All the possibilities that we see before us are laid out before death one after the other. We can only experience one thing at a time and each of these things comes before the ultimate possibility of death still a possibility even though it can be an end to others. For Heidegger, he asks that we should anticipate death and that it should be an included factor into the way we experience certain events. For this reason the Existentialist will prefer to speak of finitude rather than the basic concept of death as it allows them to become aware that existence has boundaries and thus can contemplate it as a finite whole. There is a great difference in existential attitude between the man who lives in the face of an end and the man who systematically excludes the thought of death, or seeks to do so. Macquarrie 1972, p197). This relation of death to facticity is that the possibility of death is aimed at the future; facticity involves things that have already happened this possibility of death, to the Existentialist, is a current consideration. Nobody believes that death is something that can be stopped or is something that they would want to stop living forever may be a monstrosity. Another aspect of care is the falling. This entails becoming absorb ed into the world and being overwhelmed by external forces, thus becoming a part of the they. The people who are falling have shunned the notion of death and will try to avoid it where possible. People create institutions to deal with the subject of death; funerals are big business and delay the onset of decomposition with methods such as embalming. These people try to ignore and forget about death. Heidegger claims that death, honestly accepted and anticipated, can become an integrating factor in an authentic existence. (Macquarrie 1972, p198). For some Existentialists, death is the final absurdity, just as absurd as life itself. Camus states Human insurrection is a prolonged protest against death (Macquarrie 1972, p198) So death can be viewed as the ultimate symbol of the finitude of mans existence. There are some problems that arise for the Existentialist when an existence has a lack of wholeness. As humans relate differently to time than animals or things, there are a number of tensions that arise and it is almost improbably for there not to be. A human projects himself into the future For the thing or animal, the present only is real; the past is no longer and the future is not yet, and this means in effect that they are unreal. Macquarrie 1972, p200). For humans we should try to gather the past, present and future together in a quest for wholeness. With these Existential ideas in place, we can examine the difficulties involved when discussing finitude. If somebody were to dwell on the future exclusively, then they may be in danger of being overcome by fantasy and have a fear of the past. A preoccupation with the past is just as damaging, as we may paralyse our genuine willingness. We could deny ourselves exposure to new things and changes because of our routines we have adopted. Another common imbalance would be that of the present. In this sense man can become akin to an animal or a thing because of circumstances determined for him possibly institutionalised code for example and have thus, fallen into the they. Its questions and considerations like these, which arise from speaking of finitude rather than death. The problem of guilt arises for the Existentialist where the disorder of human existence is noted. Existing is projecting oneself into the future, but there is a flaw between this and where we currently are in the present. For the Existentialist this may be seen as a flaw that allows for morality. It is similar to the idea of falling set out by Heidegger. Nietzsche described this flaw of man as the thing that makes it possible for one to become super-man, but at the same time the deterioration of man. As humans we must take responsibility for our being; we must attempt to strive for authentic experience and true self-hood. Existentialists will not agree that there is a blueprint for such an ambition. Man must decide who he will be, and more than this, each individual must decide the question for himself. In contrary to this an inauthentic existence would be one where external forces limited your creativity and ability to find ones true self. Sartre said You are free, therefore choose that is to say, invent. No rule of general morality can show you what you ought to do; no signs are vouchsafed in this world (Macquarrie 1972, p207). Some may critique this idea however as surely we would be abandoning true humanity if everybody just did their own thing. It is possible that we may already be comfortable in our current situation but we must not let our existence stagnate because of it. So, an Existentialist would prefer to speak of finitude rather than death, as it focuses on human existence as a whole, and as such, allows them to obtain authentic experience. It allows us to preserve the autonomy of existence. In striving to realise values that are truly our own we can avoid the downfalls of an inauthentic experience such as falling or our lives becoming stagnated. To ignore death or to think of it as a bad thing that should be fought against is detrimental to humanity in the eyes of an existentialist, and destroys our chances at being able to ask some of the most fundamental philosophical questions of our existence.